2. Relevance to Public Health 2.1 Background and Environmental Exposures to Nickel in the United States

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Nickel is released to the atmosphere by windblown dust, volcanoes, combustion of fuel oil, municipal incineration, and industries involved in nickel refining, steel production, and other nickel alloy production. The form of nickel emitted to the atmosphere is dependent upon the source. Complex nickel oxides, nickel sulfate, and metallic nickel are associated with combustion, incineration, and smelting and refining processes. Ambient air concentrations of nickel range between 7 and 12 ng/m, mainly in the form of aerosols and can be as high as 150 ng/m near point sources. Based on 1996 air quality data, EPA has reported average U.S. ambient air levels of 2.2 ng/m. Ambient air levels of nickel are expected to be higher in urban air than in rural air. Concentrations of nickel in indoor air are generally 10 ng/m.

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تاریخ انتشار 2005